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Sanja Dacic
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ES12 - Lung Cancer Pathology in the Age of Genomics (ID 15)
- Event: WCLC 2019
- Type: Educational Session
- Track: Pathology
- Presentations: 1
- Now Available
- Moderators:Masayuki Noguchi, Beatriz Bellosillo
- Coordinates: 9/08/2019, 15:15 - 16:45, Toronto (1985)
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ES12.01 - Multiple Lung Nodules (Now Available) (ID 3218)
15:15 - 16:45 | Presenting Author(s): Sanja Dacic
- Abstract
- Presentation
Abstract
Advanced imaging techniques resulted in increased detection of multiple tumors of the lung. Distinguishing synchronous primary lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastases (separate nodules) is important because treatments are very different. In addition, patients with independent primary tumors are expected to have better prognosis. Staging of such tumors as independent primary tumors or intrapulmonary metastases is often challenging, particularly in squamous cell carcinomas. Martini and Melamed modified criteria were used as the main approach for many decades with the idea that morphology of metastases should match the primary tumor, while different morphology supports classification of tumors as unrelated separate primaries. The 8th edition of the AJCC staging of the lung cancer pretty much has replaced this classification by establishing a multidisciplinary approach to these tumors as a standard of care and by promoting the tools such as comprehensive histologic assessment, imaging studies and molecular characterization either by CGH or biomarker testing. Comprehensive histologic assessment is based on the 2015 WHO classification of lung cancers and includes determination of the main histologic tumor type, quantitative subtyping particularly of lung adenocarcinomas, and assessment of cytologic and stromal characteristics. This approach can be relatively easily applied in lung adenocarcinomas, while squamous cell carcinoma remains a great challenge. A recent study conducted by the IASLC Pathology committee showed a good agreement (κ score 0.60) among thoracic pathologists in the histologic assessment of independent primary tumors from intrapulmonary metastasis. Despite a good agreement, there were cases with split opinions supporting a need for ancillary studies.
Over the past decade many studies reported different molecular approaches to analysis of multiple lung tumor nodules including DNA microsatellite analysis, CGH/aCHG and most recently next generation sequencing. The data from published reports indicate a highly variable percentage of multifocal tumors identified as clonally related (up to 70%). Discrepancy between clinical and molecular classification of originally presumed cases of multiple primary lung cancers ranged in different series from 18% to 30%. Recent recommendations for routine molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma resulted in a widespread use of targeted mutational profiling for oncogenic mutations (i.e. EGFR, KRAS, BRAF etc) and gene rearrangements (i.e.ALK, ROS1) which results can be used in staging of multiple lung cancers. A different mutation profile in oncogenic mutations strongly indicates two separate primary tumors. However, the presence of a common driver mutation does not necessarily indicate tumors of similar origin. Therefore, limited molecular panels may not be sufficient in some cases. The detection of shared identical breakpoints by whole genome sequencing has been recently proposed as potentially more accurate and specific for lineage determination than the analysis of driver mutations alone. Also whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches have been reported, but these assays may be technically challenging and turnaround time may not be suitable for routine clinical use.
References:
Girard N, Deshpande C, Lau C, Finley D, Rusch V, Pao W, et al. Comprehensive histologic assessment helps to differentiate multiple lung primary nonsmall cell carcinomas from metastases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(12):1752-64.
Detterbeck FC, Franklin WA, Nicholson AG, Girard N, Arenberg DA, Travis WD, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Background Data and Proposed Criteria to Distinguish Separate Primary Lung Cancers from Metastatic Foci in Patients with Two Lung Tumors in the Forthcoming Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(5):651-65
Nicholson AG, Torkko K, Viola P, Duhig E, Geisinger K, Borczuk AC, et al. Interobserver Variation among Pathologists ts and Refinement of Criteria in Distinguishing Separate Primary Tumors from Intrapulmonary Metastases in Lung. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(2):205-17.
Murphy SJ, Aubry MC, Harris FR, Halling GC, Johnson SH, Terra S, et al. Identification of independent primary tumors and intrapulmonary metastases using DNA rearrangements in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(36):4050-8.
Liu Y, Zhang J, Li L et al. Genomic heterogeneity of multiple synchronous lung cancer. Nat Commun 2016 Oct 21;7:13200.
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P2.09 - Pathology (ID 174)
- Event: WCLC 2019
- Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
- Track: Pathology
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/09/2019, 10:15 - 18:15, Exhibit Hall
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P2.09-24 - IASLC Global Survey for Pathologists on PD-L1 Testing for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (ID 906)
10:15 - 18:15 | Author(s): Sanja Dacic
- Abstract
Background
PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is now performed for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to examine their eligibility for pembrolizumab treatment, as well as in Europe for durvalumab therapy after chemoradiation for stage III NSCLC patients. Four PD-L1 clinical trial validated assays (commercial assays) have been FDA/EMA approved or are in vitro diagnostic tests in multiple countries, but high running costs have limited their use; thus, many laboratories utilize laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). Overall, the PD-L1 testing seems to be diversely implemented across different countries as well as across different laboratories.
Method
The Immune biomarker working group of the IASLC international pathology panel conducted an international online survey for pathologists on PD-L1 IHC testing for NSCLC patients from 2/1/2019 to 5/31/2019. The goal of the survey was to assess the current prevalence and practice of the PD-L1 testing and to identify issues to improve the practice globally. The survey included more than 20 questions on pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical aspects of the PDL1 IHC testing, including the availability/type of PD-L1 IHC assay(s) as well as the attendance at a training course(s) and participation in a quality assurance program(s).
Result
344 pathologists from 310 institutions in 64 countries participated in the survey. Of those, 38% were from Europe (France 13%), 23% from North America (US 17%) and 17% from Asia. 53% practice thoracic pathology and 36%, cytopathology. 11 pathologists from 10 countries do not perform PD-L1 IHC and 7.6% send out to outside facility. Cell blocks are used by 75% of the participants and cytology smear by 9.9% along with biopsies and surgical specimens. Pre-analytical conditions are not recorded in 45% of the institutions. Clone 22C3 is the most frequently used (61.5%) (59% with the commercial assay; 41% with LDT) followed by clone SP263 (45%) (71% with the commercial assay; 29% with LDT). Overall, one or several LDTs are used by 57% of the participants. A half of the participants reported turnaround time as 2 days or less, while 13% reported it as 5 days or more. Importantly, 20% of the participants reported no quality assessment, 15%, no formal training session for PD-L1interpretation and 14%, no standardized reporting system.
Conclusion
There is marked heterogeneity in PD-L1 testing practice across individual laboratories. In addition, the significant minority reported a lack of quality assurance, formal training and/or standardized reporting system that need to be established to improve the PD-L1 testing practice globally.
