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Emily Roarty



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    MA06 - PDL1, TMB and DNA Repair (ID 903)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Mini Oral Abstract Session
    • Track: Biology
    • Presentations: 1
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/24/2018, 13:30 - 15:00, Room 206 AC
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      MA06.02 - Prospective Immunogenomic Profiling of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Genomic and Immune Profiling Updates from Project ICON (ID 13523)

      13:35 - 13:40  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract
      • Presentation
      • Slides

      Background

      Our previous work has demonstrated that higher level of genomic complexity is associated with more heterogeneous neoantigen repertoire, suppressed T cell repertoire and postsurgical relapse in localized non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) highlighting the complex interaction of tumor molecular and immune landscape and their impact on cancer biology and patient survival. We launched the ICON Project (Immune Genomic Profiling of NSCLC) to prospectively delineate the molecular and immune landscape of early stage NSCLC and their impact on patient survival through a multidisciplinary approach. Here we report the updated genomic and immune analyses.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      Surgical specimens from stage I-III NSCLC were subjected to whole-exome and RNA sequencing for mutational analysis, in silico neoantigen prediction and gene expression analysis as well as T cell receptor sequencing, cytometry by time-of-flight and multiplex immunofluorescence staining.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      From 2016-2018, 127 patients were accrued and 50 surgical samples have undergone WES, RNAseq, TCR sequencing and immune phenotyping. Median age is 66 yrs (range: 39-86), 52% (26/50) were female and 76% (38/50) former smokers. 76% (38/50) are non-squamous carcinomas and 24% (12/50) squamous cell carcinomas. 34% have stage I disease (17/50), 30% stage II (15/50), 34% stage III (17/50) and 2% stage IV (1/50). The majority of patients had upfront surgery (45/50; 90%). With median follow-up of 19 months, 15 patients have relapsed. Median tumor mutational burden is 7.8mut/Mb and predicted neoantigen burden was 10/sample (range: 0-250). Predicted neoantigen burden is significantly correlated with tumor mutational burden (r=0.41, p=0.002). The most commonly mutated genes are TP53, KRAS, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, EGFR, BRAF, GRIN2A and ATM. C->A transversions and C->T transitions were the most common mutational subtypes. PD-1 expression and regulatory T-cell (CD4+/FoxP3+) infiltration are significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue (p=0.003 and p=0.02 respectively), while CD3, CD8, granzyme B and CD45RO are decreased in tumor tissue compared to normal lung.

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      NSCLC tumors have an immunosuppressive microenvironment compared to tumor adjacent normal lung tissues. Clinical data will be adequate to conduct genomic and immune profiling comparisons across different clinical subgroups. Mutational and neoantigen profiling are consistent with previously reported studies and correlations between molecular and immune landscapes and its impact on patient survival are ongoing.

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    MA23 - Early Stage Lung Cancer: Present and Future (ID 926)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Mini Oral Abstract Session
    • Track: Treatment of Early Stage/Localized Disease
    • Presentations: 1
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/26/2018, 10:30 - 12:00, Room 105
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      MA23.02 - Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis with a Novel Variant Classifier for Recurrence Detection in Resected, Early-Stage Lung Cancer (ID 13498)

      10:35 - 10:40  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract
      • Presentation
      • Slides

      Background

      ctDNA is a blood-based biomarker with promising potential in lung cancer for minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment and early detection of recurrence. However, data regarding feasibility are limited, especially for stage I-II disease.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      We performed longitudinal plasma ctDNA profiling of early-stage lung cancer patients (pts) that underwent resection at MD Anderson Cancer Center from Apr 2016 to Jan 2017. Plasma ctDNA was analyzed from pre-operative and multiple post-operative time points until disease recurrence. ctDNA profiling was performed using a 30kb Digital Sequencing panel (Guardant Health) covering SNVs in 21 genes and indels in 9 genes that are commonly present in lung cancer. ctDNA profiles from ~30,000 lung cancer pts were used to train a classifier to exclude non-tumor related mutations.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      A total of 40 pts were included in this analysis, comprised of the first 17 pts with recurrence in the longitudinal study and 23 consecutive pts without recurrence. This cohort was primarily stage I and II (15 [38%], 16 [40%]). Histology included adenocarcinoma (29 [73%]), SCC (6 [15%]), and SCLC (2 [5%]). 58% had adjuvant therapy. Median follow-up was 17.7 (3.4 – 24.5) months and median time to recurrence was 7.1 (3.4 – 16.5) months in this selected cohort. At least one ctDNA alteration was detected in 55% (21/38) of pts with evaluable pre-op samples and in 22% (8/37) of pts at 4 weeks post-op. Presence of ctDNA at 4 weeks post-op heralded eventual recurrence with 43% sensitivity and 91% specificity (75% PPV, 73% NPV) and was significantly associated with worse recurrence free survival (p=0.022, HR 6.52; 95% CI 1.3 – 32.6), while also accounting for stage. In the absence of the variant classifier, an additional 7/37 pts had non-tumor alterations detected at 4 weeks post-op with a recurrence sensitivity and specificity of 57.1% and 69.6%. ctDNA was identified in 76% (13/17) of pts prior to or at the time of recurrence. The median interval between ctDNA detection and radiographic recurrence was 91 days.

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      Detection of post-op ctDNA, as early as 4 weeks after resection of early-stage lung cancer, is associated with significantly increased risk of recurrence. Accurate detection of ctDNA in this MRD setting is enabled by a highly sensitive sequencing platform that incorporates a novel variant classifier to enhance clinical specificity.

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    P1.03 - Biology (Not CME Accredited Session) (ID 935)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
    • Track:
    • Presentations: 1
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/24/2018, 16:45 - 18:00, Exhibit Hall
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      P1.03-12 - PD-L1 Expression is Predominant in CD68+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Stage I-III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers (ID 13340)

      16:45 - 18:00  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract
      • Slides

      Background

      PD-L1 tumor expression is a leading biomarker in metastatic non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). Its role and expression in surgically resectable lung cancers is not yet defined. The association between PD-L1 expression on tumor and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and the inflammatory cells within the tumor microenvironment continues to be studied. We analyzed 97 surgically resected lung cancers utilizing immunofluorescence profiling and flow cytometry (n=47) with the aim of defining PD-L1 expression and its association with tumor inflammatory cells.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      Multiplex immunofluorescence profiling of lung cancers was performed with the focus on malignant cells (MC), MC PD-L1%, CD3+, CD8+, PD-1+ cells, CD68+, CD68+ PD-L1%, and CD20+ cells. Data on cell populations were expressed as the number of cells per mm2, PD-L1 expression as percentage. Flow cytometry was performed on freshly disaggregated tumor samples. The associations of cell populations with clinical and pathologic characteristics were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      97 patients, 55 (57%) female and 42 (43%) male, with median tumor size 4.0 cm underwent surgical resection for pathologic stage I (N=39), stage II (N=34), and stage III (N=24) NSCLC. 85 (88%) were former smokers, 12 (12%) never smokers. 62 (65%) had adenocarcinoma, 25 (25%) squamous cell carcinoma, 10 (10%) other histology. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 16 (16%) patients. R0 resection was achieved in 89 (92%) patients. At the median follow-up duration of 16 months, 18 patients experienced recurrence.

      CD68+ cells were less abundant than MC within tumor environment (median 120 cell/mm2 vs 4699, p<0.0001). However, PD-L1% expression was significantly higher on CD68+ vs MC within the tumor (median 33% vs 0.02%, p<0.0001); this was true for all stages. CD68+ PD-L1% in SCC was higher compared to adenocarcinoma (median 55% vs 30%, p=0.26). Induction chemotherapy increased CD68+ PD-L1% (median 31% no chemo vs 58%, p=0.05) without affecting the proportion of effector CD8+ TIL expressing its receptor, PD-1 (p=0.757). Tumors with > median CD68+ PD-L1% expression were associated with higher CD3+ (p=0.006), CD8+ (p=0.06), and CD68+ (p=0.004) cell numbers within the tumor.

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      In early NSCLC PD-L1% expression appears to be predominant in CD68+ TAMs rather than in malignant cells. Higher than median PD-L1% expression on CD68+ is associated with increased in CD3+ and CD8+ T cells. Further studies are required to understand the role of CD68+PD-L1 cells within tumor microenvironment, the influence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy regimens on these cells, and their effect on outcomes.

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    P2.01 - Advanced NSCLC (Not CME Accredited Session) (ID 950)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
    • Track:
    • Presentations: 1
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/25/2018, 16:45 - 18:00, Exhibit Hall
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      P2.01-87 - Profiling the Symptom Burden of Patients with Metastatic NSCLC Receiving Either Chemotherapy or Targeted Therapy: Real-World Data (ID 13348)

      16:45 - 18:00  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract
      • Slides

      Background

      An understanding of the patient experience is lacking for newly developed cancer treatments, such as targeted therapies. We profiled the patient-reported outcome (PRO)-measured symptom burden experienced by patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) during 6 months of conventional chemotherapy or targeted therapy.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      During 2017, patients with mNSCLC at a single institution were recruited and completed the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory lung cancer module (MDASI-LC) at clinic visits. The MDASI-LC assesses the severity of 13 core and 3 lung-cancer-specific symptoms and 6 interference items on 0‒10 scales (0=no symptom or interference, 10=worst imaginable symptom or complete interference). Descriptive statistics for MDASI-LC scores over 6 months of treatment were summarized. Symptom trajectories for the chemotherapy patients versus the targeted-therapy patients were compared via linear mixed-effects models.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      Of 65 patients receiving chemotherapy and 27 receiving targeted therapy, the targeted-therapy group had more women (74% vs. 49%, P=0.029) and younger patients (57.6±12.2 vs. 64.2±9.9 years, P=0.012). Before treatment, both groups reported similar symptom burden, although sadness was worse in the targeted-therapy group (2.4±1.6 vs. 0.8±1.5, P=0.021). During the first 60 days of treatment, patients receiving chemotherapy reported significant increase in pain (estimate (est)=0.03, P=0.037) and interference with walking (est=0.04, P=0.025). Compared with those receiving chemotherapy, patients receiving targeted therapy experienced significantly less severe pain (est=‒1.17, P=0.024), fatigue (est=‒1.16, P=0.019), and shortness of breath (est=‒1.23, P=0.028) and less interference with walking (est=‒1.23, P=0.042) (figure 1). More severe dry mouth was reported by patients undergoing targeted therapy (est=1.17, P=0.027).

      figure1_shi_quiling.tif

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      This real-world data demonstrates that, compared with conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy correlates with less impairment of physiological condition and functioning in patients with mNSCLC. Additional follow up will confirm and expand these findings about the patient experience relative to treatment response.

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    P2.04 - Immunooncology (Not CME Accredited Session) (ID 953)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
    • Track:
    • Presentations: 1
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/25/2018, 16:45 - 18:00, Exhibit Hall
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      P2.04-09 - Driver Mutations are Associated with Distinct Patterns of Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (ID 13362)

      16:45 - 18:00  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract
      • Slides

      Background

      Immune checkpoint blockade (IO) has demonstrated durable clinical benefit in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumors with driver mutations such as EGFR exon 19 and 21 mutations and ALK translocation tend to have low response rates to IO. However, IO response in NSCLC patients with rare driver mutations, such as EGFR exon 20 (~2%), HER-2 (~2%) and BRAF (~3%), representing approximately 7% of lung adenocarcinomas, has been poorly addressed.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      We queried GEMINI (MD Anderson Lung Cancer Moon Shot funded database for prospective collection of clinical information on NSCLC) for patients with mutations in EGFR exon 19, 20, 21, HER-2 and BRAF treated with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. We assessed progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS) in each molecular group.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      Between 2014-2018, 108 patients with classic EGFR mutations (exon 19 del + exon 21 L858R, n=37), EGFR exon 20 mutations (n=36; no T790M included), HER-2 mutations (n=22) and BRAF mutations (n=13; V600E: 3pts; non-V600E: 10pts) had been treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. EGFR exon 20 mutants and BRAF mutants demonstrated significantly higher PFS (EGFR exon 20: HR 0.4, p<0.001; BRAF: HR 0.2, p<0.001), higher disease control rate at 6 and 12 months as well as higher ORR when compared to classic EGFR mutants (Table). These differences remained significant in multivariate analysis after adjusting for age, smoking, PD-L1 status, radiation prior to treatment initiation, treatment with concurrent agents and prior treatment with TKIs. HER-2 mutants had similar PFS compared to EGFR classic mutants (HR 0.8, p=0.35) (Table).

      table.tif

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      EGFR exon 20 and BRAF mutations are associated with superior outcome from PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors compared to classic EGFR and HER-2 mutations. Further studies on co-mutational status and tumor mutation burden in these molecularly-defined groups are ongoing to address potential underlying mechanisms associated with these findings.

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    P3.01 - Advanced NSCLC (Not CME Accredited Session) (ID 967)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
    • Track:
    • Presentations: 2
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/26/2018, 12:00 - 13:30, Exhibit Hall
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      P3.01-109 - Real-World Patient-Reported Outcome Assessment of Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer  (ID 12213)

      12:00 - 13:30  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract
      • Slides

      Background

      Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) provide information on patient treatment experience. We have established a real-world Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Holistic Registry (ANCHoR) to understand how the advent of immunotherapy impacts treatment choice, clinical outcomes, and PROs of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC). The aim of this analysis is to report early results of baseline symptom status and quality of life among mNSCLC patients using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory lung cancer module (MDASI-LC) and EuroQol-5D 5-level version (EQ-5D-5L).

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      During 2017, patients with mNSCLC at a single institution were enrolled in ANCHoR and completed the PRO questionnaires at clinic visits. MDASI-LC consists of thirteen core and three lung cancer-specific symptom severity questions, and six interference items rated on 0-10 scales (0 = no symptom or interference, 10 = worst imaginable symptom or complete interference). EQ-5D-5L captures five health state dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression rated on a five-level scale (1= no problems, 5= extreme problems). A single visual analogue scale (VAS) on EQ-5D-5L records patient self-rated health between ”best imaginable” (100) and “worst imaginable” (0) health state. Descriptive statistics for PRO scores at baseline are summarized.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      Forty-two patients completed baseline PROs before the start of therapy. Mean patient age was 63 years and 45% were males. For MDASI-LC, the mean scores for the core symptom, lung cancer-specific symptom, and interference subscales at baseline were 2.2 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.80), 2.1 (SD = 2.80), and 2.8 (SD = 3.10), respectively. Fatigue was the most severe symptom reported at baseline (mean = 4.1, SD = 3.01), followed by shortness of breath (mean = 3.2, SD = 2.81) and pain (mean = 3.19, SD = 3.00). The highest percentages of patients reporting moderate to severe symptom levels (score of ≥5) were 38% for fatigue, 33% for pain, 31% for drowsiness, 29% for shortness of breath and disturbed sleep, and 26% coughing. For EQ-5D-5L, 91% of patient reported problems with self-care, 81% with mobility, 48% with usual activity and anxiety, and 33% with pain. Mean EQ-5D VAS was 73.9 (SD = 18.2).

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      Prior to the start of treatment, fatigue, pain, drowsiness, disturbed sleep, and coughing were the most common symptoms with fatigue, shortness of breath, and pain being the most severe. Additional follow up will confirm and expand these findings and will also allow us to examine change in PROs after first-line treatment is administered.

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      P3.01-91 - Computing the Impact of Immunotherapy on the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Therapeutic Landscape (ID 12209)

      12:00 - 13:30  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract

      Background

      The Advanced Non-Small Lung Holistic Registry (ANCHoR) is established to examine the real-world impact of immunotherapy on choice of treatment, clinical outcomes, and patient reported outcomes of patients with Stage IV NSCLC.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      Stage IV NSCLC patients diagnosed or initiating treatment at MD Anderson from January 1, 2017 are enrolled in the ongoing ANCHoR study. Their demographic, clinicopathological, molecular, and treatment data were populated in a prospective database. Treatment patterns by line and PD-L1 status were summarized in this interim analysis.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      At the time of data cut off (Dec 31, 2017) 182 patients were enrolled in the registry, of which 150 were tested for PD-L1. Number of patients initiating first-, second-, and third-line treatment were 163, 42 and 7, respectively. Of the 30 patients not tested for PD-L1, 10 did not have enough tissue and 8 had actionable mutations.

      table 1.jpg

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      The emergence of immunotherapy has had a dramatic impact on the first-line treatment of patient with advanced NSCLC. As of December, 2017 up to 41% of patient received immunotherapy either singly (23%) or in combination with chemotherapy. Only 40% of the patients now receive chemotherapy alone. There has been dramatic decrease in the use of chemotherapy with an anti-angiogenesis agent (1.23%). In our dataset 16% of the patients were eligible for targeted therapy as initial treatment.

      6f8b794f3246b0c1e1780bb4d4d5dc53

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    P3.09 - Pathology (Not CME Accredited Session) (ID 975)

    • Event: WCLC 2018
    • Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
    • Track:
    • Presentations: 1
    • Moderators:
    • Coordinates: 9/26/2018, 12:00 - 13:30, Exhibit Hall
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      P3.09-27 - Histopathologic Parameters Define Features of Treatment Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (ID 14257)

      12:00 - 13:30  |  Author(s): Emily Roarty

      • Abstract

      Background

      Previous studies indicate that neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with loco-regionally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The amount of residual viable tumor has been associated with long-term overall survival. This histopathologic measure has potential to become a standard method for evaluation of the effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy regimens. However, adequate comparison of chemotherapy-treated and untreated lung cancers is lacking. We analyzed histopathologic characteristics of resected NSCLC with and without prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

      a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method

      Histopathologic assessment was performed of specimens obtained from patients enrolled on the immunogenomic lung cancer study (ICON), which integrates clinical, pathologic, immune, genomic and outcome data from surgically resected NSCLC. Cases included material from 10 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 10 patients treated with primary surgery (adenocarcinoma, n=5; squamous cell carcinoma, n=5; for each cohort). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections (mean, 6; range, 3-10) were evaluated and semiquantitatively scored for parameters commonly attributed to treatment response. The percentage of viable tumor was estimated by comparison to the proportion of fibrosis and necrosis on each slide. Additional parameters analyzed included the presence of inflammation, tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), macrophages, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), cholesterol clefts, giant cells and neovascularization (score 0-3). For each patient, the results for all slides were averaged to determine a mean value. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.

      4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result

      All histopathologic parameters typically associated with treatment response could also be identified in untreated specimens, albeit in different proportions. Compared to the untreated cohort, samples after chemotherapy were characterized by lower proportion of viable tumor (42.4% vs 67.7%, p=0.04) and higher degrees of fibrosis (46.6% vs 26.6%, p=0.08), and necrosis (11.0 % vs 5.6%, p=0.35). Among the additional parameters, similar scores were seen for inflammation (1.54 vs 1.46, p=0.60), TLS (1.00 vs 0.80, p=0.47), LVI (0.16 vs 0.23, p=0.62), and neovascularization (both 0) while macrophages (0.94 vs 0.12, p=0.20), cholesterol clefts (0.92 vs 0.13, p= 0.03) and giant cells (0.80 vs 0.40, p=0.17) were more common among the neoadjuvant cohort.

      8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion

      Histopathologic variables commonly associated with chemotherapy treatment response can also be identified in treatment naïve lung cancers. However, the amount of viable tumor, fibrosis and cholesterol clefts are parameters strongly associated with neoadjuvant therapy. These results highlight the importance of assessing the type and extent of treatment response. Analysis of larger patient cohorts will reveal potential prognostic value in primary tumors, chemotherapy-treated, and eventually immunotherapy-treated tumors.

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