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M.M.A. Elhassan
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MS 09 - Worldwide Perspective/Review of Limitations, Resources, Programs and Accomplishments of Supportive Care and Palliative Care Multidisciplinary Teams, by Continent (ID 27)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Mini Symposium
- Track: Palliative and Supportive Care
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:R.I. Lopez, A. Oton
- Coordinates: 9/07/2015, 14:15 - 15:45, 108+110+112
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MS09.06 - Africa (ID 1886)
14:15 - 15:45 | Author(s): M.M.A. Elhassan
- Abstract
- Presentation
Abstract:
Cancer has emerged as a major health problem in Africa.[1]Healthcare in Africa differ widely, countries in North Africa and the republic of South Africa have better health care services than those in sub Saharan Africa. In Africa particularly in sub-Saharan region, due to the limited access to cancer screening and early diagnosis, an estimated 80% of cancer patients are present with advanced stage. [2]Additionally, inadequate access to standard cancer therapies result in difficulty to achieve cure even for patients with early stage cancer. Despite the clear public health needs for multidisciplinary palliative care for millions of cancer patients, access to this option is limited in most African countries. Information regards palliative care in Africa is lacking.[3]It was estimated that only 5% of patients in need to palliative care receive it.[4]This is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa, where about 80% of cancer patients are likely to experience suffering in the course of their advanced illnesses.[2] Palliative care is a relatively new discipline in Africa, Initiatives in South Africa and Zimbabwe dated back to 1970s. There has been significant progress over the last ten years. From being significantly present in only five countries in 2004, palliative care services was established in nearly half of African countries in before the World Health Assembly in 2005.[4]These services usually confined to large cities, most of which are pain clinics driven by nongovernmental sector. The majority of health care professionals at palliative care clinics lack the appropriate training for pain assessment and management and they are relying on their own personal experience while practicing palliative care. Clark et al. [3]have conducted a multi-method survey to review services and experiences of palliative care development in 47 African countries. The 47 countries studied could be grouped into four categories of palliative care development: No identified hospice or palliative care activity (21 countries); Capacity-building activity underway to promote hospices and palliative care delivery (11countries); localized provision of hospices and palliative care in place, often supported by external donors (11countries); and Hospices and palliative care services achieving some measure of integration with mainstream service providers and gaining wider policy recognition (4 countries) The Limitations to the development of multidisciplinary palliative care programs in Africa are that: high burden of HIV and cancer, extreme shortage of trained health care professionals in palliative care, insufficient facilities, weak referral systems and lack of access to opioid or the restriction of their use in many African countries.[5, 6]Moreover, there is still a general lack of government policies that recognize palliative care as an essential component of health care along with great challenge to acquire funding for palliative care programs.[5] Despite these limitations, there has been some success so far. Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, and Zimbabwe developed successful models for the development of affordable, sustainable community- based hospices and palliative care services. [3]Kenya, South Africa, Uganda and Tanzania have integrated palliative care into healthcare policy. Uganda has mad oral morphine freely available to its patient’s population and it has passed law to allow prescription of morphine by nurses.[7]The Ministry of Health in Malawi acknowledged palliative care as part of a minimum standard of care for all tertiary institutions.[8] The importance of palliative care in the African setting have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). There are several palliative care initiative in Africa that have provided good quality palliative care in limited recourse setting.[3]The majority of successful palliative care initiatives are supported by international organizations in collaboration with governments and non-governmental organization (NGOs) e.g. the WHO 5-country palliative care project. The Foundation for Hospices in Sub-Saharan Africa, has a grant support program operating in several African countries. The African Palliative Care Association (APCA) has a fast developing program of activities to promote development across the continent and supports governments and other local service providers to ensure the provision of opioids and other palliative care medications. The role of education and training has been essential in strengthening capacities to develop multidisciplinary palliative care programs. Efforts to develop in country training are underway in few African countries. The University of Cape Town offers Post Graduate Diploma/MPhil, in Palliative Medicine. Makerere University through its affiliated institution Hospice Africa Uganda in partnership with APCA offers a Bachelor’s Degree in Palliative Care. Nairobi Hospice in collaboration with Oxford Brookes University offers diploma in palliative care. The National Cancer Institute, Cairo offers Master degrees in pain management and palliative care has been incorporated in the curriculum of the oncology nursing program in the same institute. Palliative care in Africa is still at an early stage of development and faces many obstacles. A lot of progress has been made already, however much still remains to be done, particularly across sub-Saharan Africa. Many challenges cannot be corrected without governments and NGOs willing to effect changes and commit funds to research and training. References 1. Basu, A., B.N. Mittag-Leffler, and K. Miller, Palliative care in low- and medium-resource countries. Cancer J, 2013. 19(5): p. 410-3. 2. Spence, D., A. Merriman, and A. Binagwaho, Palliative care in Africa and the Caribbean. PLoS Med, 2004. 1(1): p. e5. 3. Clark, D., et al., Hospice and palliative care development in Africa: a multi-method review of services and experiences. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2007. 33(6): p. 698-710. 4. Grant, L., et al., Palliative care in Africa since 2005: good progress, but much further to go. BMJ Support Palliat Care, 2011. 1(2): p. 118-22. 5. Ddungu, H., Palliative care: what approaches are suitable in developing countries? Br J Haematol, 2011. 154(6): p. 728-35. 6. Harding, R. and I.J. Higginson, Palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet, 2005. 365(9475): p. 1971-7. 7. Ramsay, S., Leading the way in African home-based palliative care. Free oral morphine has allowed expansion of model home-based palliative care in Uganda. Lancet, 2003. 362(9398): p. 1812-3. 8. Tapsfield, J.B. and M. Jane Bates, Hospital based palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa; a six month review from Malawi. BMC Palliat Care, 2011. 10: p. 12.
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