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J.G. Aerts
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MINI 08 - Prognostic/Predictive Biomarkers (ID 106)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Mini Oral
- Track: Biology, Pathology, and Molecular Testing
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:T.E. Stinchcombe, N. Pavlakis
- Coordinates: 9/07/2015, 16:45 - 18:15, Mile High Ballroom 4a-4f
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MINI08.02 - Prediction of Response to Pemetrexed in NSCLC by Immunohistochemical Phenotyping Based on Gene Expression Profiles (ID 2793)
16:45 - 18:15 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
A major challenge in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is to identify specific tumor properties that predict response to chemotherapy. Although thymidylate synthase (TS) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining has been extensively studied as a predictive marker for pemetrexed (PEM) sensitivity, its clinical value remains limited. We investigated IHC stainings of different molecular markers linked to the folate metabolic pathway (FMP) identified with gene expression profiling (Hou et al, JTO 2012;7:105-114). We used a population with advanced NSCLC treated with PEM for external validation.
Methods:
Resected tumor samples from PEM-naïve NSCLC patients were collected. Gene expression profiling with respect to predicted sensitivity to PEM was based on genes related to FMP. Based on differentially expressed genes, patients were divided into predicted responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs). Genes showing a strong correlation with these FMP genes and for which IHC stainings were commercially available, were selected for measurement of corresponding protein expressions by IHC stainings. A semiquantitative scoring method was applied, which was used to construct a prediction model for response to PEM. Subsequently, a retrospective cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC was selected, who had received at least two cycles of PEM-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment. IHC staining scores for the same proteins were obtained from tumor tissue. The performance of the prediction model was tested in this population.
Results:
From 91 patients resected tumor samples were collected. The majority of patients had early or locally advanced NSCLC (96.3%). Gene expression profiling revealed five markers that showed mRNA levels strongly correlating to FMP genes mRNA levels: TPX2, CPA3, EZH2, MCM2 and TOPO2a. Of 63 patients IHC staining scores of these markers were obtained, which all correlated to their corresponding mRNA levels. The scores were significantly different between predicted NRs and Rs (p<0.05). Testing the IHC markers showed an optimized prediction model with CPA3 (OR=1.71, 95%CI (0.94-3.08)), EZH2 (OR=0.57, 95%CI (0.35-.093)) and TPX2 (OR=0.55, 95%CI (0.29-1.03)) included. With this model 86.5% of the predicted Rs and 72.7% of the predicted NRs were correctly classified. The ROC showed an AUC of 0.883 representing a good discriminatory performance. In the external study population (n=23) the majority of patients had metastatic NSCLC (95.7%). Partial response (PR) was established in 26.1%. Considering patients with PR as responders the prediction model classified 16.7% of the observed Rs and 88.2% of the observed NRs correctly. The ROC showed an AUC of 0.750.
Conclusion:
Using external validation this prediction model with IHC staining of FMP correlated markers shows a good specificity, but lacks sensitivity. Again this study shows the limited value of IHC markers as response predictors for PEM in clinical practice. This may be ascribed to the poor relation between IHC and protein activity but the biological significance of FMP genes may also be less important than other factors influencing PEM activity, like pharmacodynamics of PEM e.g. the formation of metabolites. Metabolomics may offer better understanding in cellular processing of PEM and could provide new insights for tailored chemotherapy. Supported by an unrestricted grant from Eli-Lilly, the Netherlands
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MINI 15 - Chemotherapy Developments for Lung Cancer (ID 128)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Mini Oral
- Track: Treatment of Advanced Diseases - NSCLC
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:L. Crinò, C.P. Belani
- Coordinates: 9/08/2015, 16:45 - 18:15, Mile High Ballroom 1a-1f
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MINI15.12 - Satisfaction with Therapy and the Relation with Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced NSCLC Receiving Chemotherapy (ID 2253)
16:45 - 18:15 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
In advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) decisions regarding palliative treatment are based on tumor response, increasingly combined with patient reported outcomes, especially quality of life (QoL). However, considering treatment decisions in this manner ignores patients’ own opinion about (change in) QoL. A more patient-oriented view regarding therapy could offer valuable information in the process of shared decision-making about treatment initiation or continuation with chemotherapy. We assessed patients’ satisfaction with the received chemotherapy using the Cancer Therapy Satisfaction Questionnaire (CTSQ) in relation with QoL during treatment.
Methods:
In a prospective observational multi-center study, patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC receiving pemetrexed (PEM)-based chemotherapy as first or second line treatment were enrolled. Prior to and after four cycles of chemotherapy, patients completed the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQoL-BREF) and EORTC-Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC-QLQ-C30), which both contain one item measuring overall QoL on a 1-5 and 1-7 scale, respectively. After four cycles patients also completed the CTSQ, which consists of 16 items scored on a 1-5 scale and is divided in three domains, including the domain satisfaction with therapy (SWT). Linear transformation of the domain score results in a score range 0-100, with a higher score representing a better treatment satisfaction. Items of special interest were Question 7 (Q7) “Chemotherapy was worth taking even with side effects”, Question 16 (Q16) “If given the choice again, would you decide to take this chemotherapy treatment” and Question 2 (Q2) “Chemotherapy would cure the cancer”. From all patients tumor response measurements were obtained according to RECIST 1.1.
Results:
Of the 88 patients receiving four cycles of PEM-based chemotherapy, 65 patients completed the WHOQoL-BREF, EORTC-QLQ-30 and the CTSQ. The majority of these patients had stage IV NSCLC (87.7%) and received PEM-based therapy as first line treatment (92.3%). Treatment resulted in stable disease (53.8%), partial response (40.0%) and progressive disease (6.2%). Eighteen patients often (13.8%) or always (13.8%) expected chemotherapy would cure the cancer. During therapy, overall QoL measured by WHOQoL-BREF increased (1.3±0.6), remained stable (0±0) and decreased (-1.4±0.7) in respectively 15 (23.1%), 30 (46.2%) and 20 (30.8%) patients. The SWT domain score (77.5±12.3 vs. 83.8±13.1) and single item scores Q7 (4.1±0.9 vs. 4.4±0.8) and Q16 (4.4±0.7 vs. 4.5±0.6) in patients with decrease vs. increase of overall QoL did not differ significantly between the groups (p> 0.05). Change in overall QoL measured by the EORTC-QLQ-C30 related to SWT, Q7 and Q16 showed similar results.
Conclusion:
Despite a decrease of QoL during chemotherapy, patients still consider the treatment as worth taking and would decide to receive the chemotherapy again. Since the majority of patients understand that the treatment has no curative intentions, it is unlikely that the satisfaction with treatment only reflects false expectations of cancer cure. Our results represent a group of patients who mainly established disease stabilization, which could have influenced our findings. In shared decision-making on palliative treatment, patients’ QoL cannot be used as a single decision criterion because it does not reflect patients’ satisfaction with treatment. This study is funded by ZonMw, the Netherlands
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MINI 18 - Radiation Topics in Localized NSCLC (ID 139)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Mini Oral
- Track: Treatment of Localized Disease - NSCLC
- Presentations: 1
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MINI18.03 - Immune Activation in Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) following Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) and Surgery (ID 2123)
16:45 - 18:15 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
An anatomical surgical resection is considered to be the standard of care in fit patients, but non-randomized comparative effectives studies suggest that survival outcomes may be similar following SABR. An antitumor immune microenvironment was found to be a prognostic factor in surgically resected early stage NSCLC. SABR has been reported to activate the immunesystem in malignant diseases via a number of mechanisms. We investigated the impact of both surgery and SABR in early stage NSCLC on the immunesystem, studied in peripheral blood over time.
Methods:
This is a non-randomised trial. Treatment by either surgery or SABR treatment for early stage (cT1-T2aN0M0) were determined by an institutional multi-disciplinary tumorboard, and in accordance with the patient’s preference . SABR was typically delivered in 3-8 fractions in 1-2 weeks, based on risk-adapted radiotherapy schemes that delivered a biologically effective dose of >100 Gy. Surgery generally involved a VATS lobectomy. Blood was collected prior to treatment, and at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 6 after start of treatment. The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) fraction was isolated and was stimulated for 4 hours with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, to activate the T cells. Subsequently, the T-cells cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry on the expression of CD4 and/or CD8, granzyme B and interferon (IFN) γ. As PD-1 expression is induced in T-cells after antigen exposure the expression of PD-1 was determined. Changes of population proportions between the different time points were analyzed with the related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Results:
23 early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were included in the study. Of these, 13 patients underwent surgical resection at a mean age (±standard deviation) of 62,9± 8,4 years, and 10 patients who underwent SABR at a median age of 70,0 ±10,4 years. SABR patients had more comorbidities, and a poorer WHO performance score, but clinical tumor stage was comparable. A significant increase in the proportion of IFNγ[+]Granzyme B[+] CD8 T cells (p<.05) was observed at week 2 in the SABR treated group, whereas no difference was found after surgical resection. The PD1[+] fraction of CD4[+] T cells was significantly increased at week 2 in the SABR treated group (p<.05), whereas no differences were seen at two weeks after surgical resection. Proportions of PD1[+ ]CD4 T cells remained elevated in the SABR group at week 3 and 6. A similar trend was observed in the CD8[+] T cell population, although this did not reach statistical significance (p<.1).
Conclusion:
SABR but not surgery, enhances T-cell activation and PD-1 upregulation. The results of our study warrant further investigation as to whether SABR induces an anti-tumor response in patients with early stage NSCLC . The upregulation of PD-1 inherently accompanied with this activation of the immune system potentially warrants combination treatment with PD-(L)1 blockade.
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MS 17 - Immunotherapy for Mesothelioma (ID 35)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Mini Symposium
- Track: Thymoma, Mesothelioma and Other Thoracic Malignancies
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:D.A. Fennell, T. Nakano
- Coordinates: 9/08/2015, 14:15 - 15:45, 201+203
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MS17.03 - DC Vaccination (ID 1924)
14:15 - 15:45 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
- Presentation
Abstract:
In recent years immunotherapy has become a new standard in the treatment of malignant diseases. Most clinical evaluated treatments like anti-PD1 aim to reactivate the cytotoxic T-cell response directed against the tumor (CTL-t ). A requirement for this treatment to be effective is the presence of CTL-t within the tumor as reviewed by us recently [Aerts, 2013]. CTL-t formation is dependent on a number of factors which are inhibited by tumor-derived factors and tumor-induced immune suppressive cells, precluding patients to respond to the PD-1 checkpoint blockade pathway. Knowing and bypassing these inhibition pathways of the tumor increases the number of responding patients. For instance, in melanoma it has been shown that combination treatment of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 almost doubles the patients benefitting from checkpoint blockade inhibitors. However the number of inhibition pathways is diverse and also changeable according to the act – react principle. The blockade of one inhibitory pathway of the tumor may ultimately lead to the upregulation of another inhibitory pathway. This complex interplay inhibits the formation of new CTL-t and an exhaustion of the CTL-t present in the tumor. That is why cell based therapy, either with ex-vivo generated T-cells or stimulated dendritic cells (DC), precluding a number of inhibitory mechanisms in the patient is an alternative to increase the number of responding patients and thus the efficacy of immunotherapy. Mesothelioma is an aggressive neoplasm, with highly specific growth features making it a distinctive malignant tumor from other cancer types. One of the key immunological features in mesothelioma is the abundant immunosuppressive environment it is creating. There is a large infiltration of regulatory T-cells, immunosuppressive macrophages and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Furthermore, the tumor milieu negatively influences immune activation for instance by the presence of hypoxic areas. , tumor metabolites (e.g. arachidonic acid), and suppressive cytokines and chemokines negatively influence the immune activation. Some early phase studies showed a possible clinical effect of immunotherapy in mesothelioma. For instance, checkpoint inhibition with anti-CTLA-4 and anti PD-1 in a subgroup of patients showed some benefit which is now further evaluated in larger studies in second and further line treatment [Calabro 2013, NCT01843374 results pending, NCT02399371 amongst others] . Although it can be questioned whether that is the right setting to determine clinical benefit in placebo controlled trials. Anti mesothelin antibodies also did show clinical efficacy which is now investigated further [Hassan 2010]. Cell based therapy may increase efficacy of immunotherapy also in mesothelioma. The choice of the tumor associated antigens (TAA) to induce a CTL-t is critical, considering the diverse and changing repertoire of TAA. Genetically altered T-cells, directed against mesothelin or Wilms tumour-1 (WT-1) have been developed and are tested in the clinic [NCT02414269 amongst others]. Also DC therapy, being the most powerful initiator of an immune response, is also tested. An advantage of DC, apart from the induction of a natural CTL-t activation, is the ability to load the DC with a pluripotent antigen mixture. DC therapy with an autologous tumor cell lysate demonstrated promosing results [Hegmans 2010] and an allogeneic tumor cell lysate is now tested as tumor associated antigen source in the clinic [NCT2395679]. In the patient stimulation of DC seems an attractive option and has been investigated but may be hampered by the immunosuppressive environment created by the tumor [Powell, 2006]. A new concept with in vivo activation of DC with mesothelin loaded listeria bacteria is now investigated in mesothelioma [NCT01675765]. DC treatment can also be optimized with the addition of different checkpoint activators or inhibitors [Lievense WCLC 2015] Apart from the immune activation strategies, investigations should focus on how to diminish the highly immunosuppressive effect of mesothelioma. Results of our trial on combination treatment with ex vivo matured DC loaded with autologous tumor cell lysate and regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion showed a reduction in circulation Treg [data submitted for publication]. We are in the field of a whole new changing treatment paradigm for mesothelioma. Immunotherapy will be one of the new treatment options. Much effort has to be invested to determine the optimal combination treatment for particular patients. Dendritic cell-based therapy seems an attractive option to generate a more robust immune response that can serve as a backbone for combination treatment.
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ORAL 20 - Chemoradiotherapy (ID 124)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Oral Session
- Track: Treatment of Locoregional Disease – NSCLC
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:G. Blumenschein, J.Y. Chang
- Coordinates: 9/08/2015, 10:45 - 12:15, 201+203
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ORAL20.03 - Radiation Dose Escalation in Patients with Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; 60 Month Follow-Up of a Randomized Phase II Trial (ID 1190)
10:45 - 12:15 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy imposes beneficial effects on overall survival (OS) in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nonetheless, the optimal radiation scheme still needs to be identified. The RTOG 0617 trial showed that patients receiving a high dose radiation scheme (37 x 2 Gy) had a significant shorter median OS (22.9 months) as compared to patients receiving a conventional 30 x 2 Gy radiation scheme (28.7 months). Dose escalation using hypo-fractionation however seems promising and might contribute to a better OS. We investigated long term OS in locally advanced NSCLC patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, using a hypo-fractionation scheme of 24 x 2.75 Gy +/- Cetuximab.
Methods:
A 2-armed phase II, multi-center study (NTR2230) was performed with the initial aim to assess the effect of the addition of Cetuximab to concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC patients. Arm A received high dose radiotherapy (24 x 2.75 Gy) and concurrent daily low-dose cisplatin (6 mg/m[2]). Arm B received an identical treatment regimen with the addition of weekly Cetuximab (400 mg/m[2] loading dose one week prior to radiotherapy followed by weekly 250 mg/m[2]). Mortality follow-up information was completed until January 2015. Overall survival (OS) rates were calculated as time from randomization until death from any cause. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and 1-, 2- and 5-year OS proportions were calculated.
Results:
Between February 2009 and May 2011, 102 patients were randomly allocated in two arms; 51 patients (50%) in arm A and 51 patients (50%) in arm B. Follow-up information was available for 101 patients (99%). Median OS was 33.0 months (interquartile (IQ) range 20.0 to 46.0) and did not significantly differ between the two arms; 33.0 months (IQ-range 13.8 to 52.2) in Arm A and 30.0 months (IQ-range 15.3 to 44.7) in Arm B (Figure 1). 1-,2- and 5-year OS was 75.5%, 59.8% and 36.6%, respectively. Figure 1
Conclusion:
In this 2-armed phase II trial in NSCLC patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the addition of Cetuximab to concurrent chemoradiotherapy did not improve 60-month OS in unselected patients with locally advanced NSCLC, in line with the RTOG 0617. However, the median OS was remarkably high when compared to the RTOG 0617: 30 and 33 months versus 23 and 29 months, respectively. Furthermore, 5-year OS was still 36.6%. Dose escalation using hypo-fractionation of 2.75 Gy per fraction might be one of the factors contributing to extended OS in patients with locally advanced NSCLC.
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ORAL 40 - Biology 1 (ID 154)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Oral Session
- Track: Thymoma, Mesothelioma and Other Thoracic Malignancies
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:C. Brambilla, R. Bueno
- Coordinates: 9/09/2015, 16:45 - 18:15, 702+704+706
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ORAL40.03 - Combination Therapy with a CD40-Agonist and Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy Has Synergistic Effects in a Murine Mesothelioma Model (ID 2643)
16:45 - 18:15 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
The potential of immunotherapy in mesothelioma has recently been demonstrated in multiple (pre)clinical studies. The success of immunotherapy relies on the induction of an anti-tumor immune response which has to overcome the local immunosuppressive environment in established tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important part of the suppressive environment in mesothelioma and reprogramming these TAMs towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype using a CD40-agonist has shown promising results in multiple solid tumors. Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy has been shown to elicit anti-tumor T-cell responses and is currently being studied in mesothelioma patients at our institution. We hypothesize that the combination treatment with a CD40-agonist and DC therapy has synergistic effects and the aim of the current study is to investigate the efficacy of this combinatorial approach.
Methods:
Wildtype Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the AB1 murine mesothelioma cell line. Different treatment regimens were compared as follows: untreated control group (n=6), monotherapy with CD40-agonist (FGK4.5 monoclonal antibody, n=5), monotherapy with DC immunotherapy (n=5) and combination therapy of DC immunotherapy followed by treatment with the CD40-agonist (n=5). Three days after completion of the treatment regimens, blood was drawn and analyzed using flow cytometry to investigate peripheral immune activation. All mice were monitored and sacrificed when showing signs of severe illness. After sacrifice, tumors are investigated using flow cytometry to determine the local immunological composition.
Results:
Blood analysis revealed that peripheral monocytes of the CD40-agonist group and the combination therapy group showed an increase in expression of MHC-II and PD-L1 compared to the mice in the control group and the DC immunotherapy group. In addition, the combination therapy induced a profound increase in effector CD8 T-cells and proliferating CD8 T-cells compared to the monotherapies. The interim survival analysis at day 40 post tumor cell injection demonstrates a 17% survival of the control group, 80% survival of the monotherapies and 100% survival of the combination therapy. The final survival analysis will be presented at the conference.
Conclusion:
Combination therapy of DC immunotherapy and a CD40-agonistic antibody induces synergistic immune activation in the peripheral blood of mesothelioma-bearing mice compared to the monotherapies. Although the final survival data are awaited, the presented data demonstrate the potential of the combination of cellular immunotherapy and targeting of the local tumor microenvironment in mesothelioma.
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P1.01 - Poster Session/ Treatment of Advanced Diseases – NSCLC (ID 206)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Poster
- Track: Treatment of Advanced Diseases - NSCLC
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/07/2015, 09:30 - 17:00, Exhibit Hall (Hall B+C)
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P1.01-064 - A Phase II Study of Gemcitabine-Cisplatin plus Necitumumab for Stage IV Sq-NSCLC (ID 927)
09:30 - 17:00 | Author(s): J.G. Aerts
- Abstract
Background:
To report the efficacy and safety results from a study of necitumumab (N), manufactured under process D, modified from Process C, used in the pivotal SQUIRE study, in combination with gemcitabine (G) plus cisplatin (C) as first-line treatment in patients with advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer (Sq-NSCLC). (NCT01788566)
Methods:
This was an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase II study in patients with advanced Sq-NSCLC. Patients were enrolled who were aged ≥18 years and had measurable, pathologically confirmed stage IV Sq-NSCLC without prior chemotherapy. Patients had ECOG-PS 0-1, adequate organ function, and life expectancy of ≥12 weeks. Patients received N (800 mg iv, Days 1 and 8) plus GC (G=1250 mg/m² iv, Days 1 and 8; C=75 mg/m² iv, Day 1) each 3-week cycle for up to 6 cycles. Patients with at least stable disease (SD) could continue to receive N alone until progressive disease (PD) or other discontinuation criteria. Primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) based on RECIST1.1. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR), change in tumor size (CTS; % improvement in lesions), and safety.
Results:
Patients (N=61), median age 65 years, heavy metastatic disease burden; approximately 70% of the patients had metastases to ≥ 2 organ systems. Efficacy results, including an ORR of 48.1% are shown in the Table. Survival and PFS findings were similar to those reported in the SQUIRE study in the GC+N arm (SQUIRE results: median OS of 11.5 months, 1-year survival rate of 47.7%, and median PFS of 5.7 months). Median duration of treatment was 12 weeks (4 cycles) for G and C and 16 weeks (5 cycles) for N; the median relative dose intensity was 85% for G and 93% for C and N. Twenty-eight (46%) patients continued on single-agent N (median: 4 cycles). Skin reactions (n=49; 80.3%) and hypomagnesemia (n=21; 34.4%) were the most commonly reported adverse events of special interest (AESIs, all grades). AESI ≥ Grade 3 were skin reactions (n=8; 13.1%), thromboembolic events (n=7; 11.5%), hypomagnesemia (n=6; 9.8%), and hypersensitivity/ IRR (n=3; 4.9%). There were 27 deaths (20 due to PD and 7 due to AEs [5 had no causal relationship to study drug]) at the time of data cut-off.Table. Efficacy Results
N=61 ORR*† (CR+PR), n (%) [95% CI] 26/54 (48.1)† [34.34–62.16] CR 0 PR, n (%) 26/54 (48.1)† SD 18 (29.5) PD 9 (14.8) Not evaluable 1 (1.6) Not assessable 7 (11.5) DCR CR+PR+SD, n (%) [95% CI] 44 (81.5)† [68.57–90.75] Median OS, months (95% CI) 11.7 [7.59–NA] 1-year survival rate, % (95% CI) 47.6% [30.20–63.08] Median PFS, months (95% CI) 5.6 [3.68–6.87] Median CTS, (%) 42.1 *Assessed by investigators †Patients who had a post-baseline radiological assessment, n=54
Conclusion:
The efficacy results and the safety profile, with N manufactured under process D, are consistent with what is expected for this combination as first-line therapy of patients with metastatic Sq-NSCLC.
