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S.B. Goldberg
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MA15 - Immunotherapy Prediction (ID 400)
- Event: WCLC 2016
- Type: Mini Oral Session
- Track: Chemotherapy/Targeted Therapy/Immunotherapy
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:O. Arrieta
- Coordinates: 12/07/2016, 14:20 - 15:50, Schubert 1
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MA15.06 - Predictive Value of Measuring Somatic Mutations and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes for PD-1 Axis Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (ID 6255)
14:20 - 15:50 | Author(s): S.B. Goldberg
- Abstract
Background:
Diverse factors have been associated with clinical benefit to PD-1 axis blockers in NSCLC including PD-L1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and increased mutation load/predicted class-I neoantigens. However, the association and predictive value of the tumor genomic landscape, composition of the tumor immune microenvironment and T-cell function remain unclear.
Methods:
We performed whole exome DNA sequencing and multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) for T-cells in pre-treatment FFPE samples from 45 NSCLC patients treated with PD-1 axis blockers (alone or in combination) in our institution. Genomic analysis was used to evaluate the mutational load and predicted class-I neoantigens. Multiplexed QIF-based immunoprofiling was used to measure the level of CD3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), in situ T-cell proliferation (Ki-67 in CD3+ cells) and T-cell activation (Granzyme-B in CD3+ cells). We studied the association between the tumor somatic mutations, predicted neoantigens, T-cell infiltration/function and clinical benefit /survival.
Results:
Increased mutational load was positively associated with predicted class-I neoantigens, variants in DNA-repair genes, smoking and absence of activating mutations in EGFR; but not associated with the level of CD3+ T-cells, T-cell proliferation (Ki-67 in CD3+ cells) and function (Granzyme-B in CD3+ cells). Increased mutations and candidate class-I neoantigens were significantly associated with response to therapy (P=0.02 and 0.03, respectively), but not with overall survival at 3-years (median cut-point, log rank P=0.92 and 0.80, respectively). Higher CD3 positivity was not associated with response to therapy (P=0.17), but was significantly associated with overall survival (median cut-point, log rank P=0.03). Regardless of the mutational load and candidate neoantigen content, elevated CD3 with low Ki-67/Granzyme-B in CD3 predicted longer survival after PD-1 axis blockade than high CD3/high Ki-67/Granzyme-B in CD3, or low T-lymphocyte infiltration.
Conclusion:
Increased somatic mutations are associated with smoking and response to PD-1 agents, but not with tumor T-cell infiltration/activation and overall survival. Regardless of the mutational load, increased T-cell infiltration using QIF is significantly associated with longer survival after PD-1 axis blockade in NSCLC. The subgroup of NSCLC with the highest potential of benefit to immune reinvigoration using PD-1 axis blockade comprise tumors with elevated lymphocyte infiltration but low in situ activation/proliferation.
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MA16 - Novel Strategies in Targeted Therapy (ID 407)
- Event: WCLC 2016
- Type: Mini Oral Session
- Track: Chemotherapy/Targeted Therapy/Immunotherapy
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:G. Purkalne, J. Von Pawel
- Coordinates: 12/07/2016, 14:20 - 15:50, Strauss 2
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MA16.02 - Mutational Landscape of TKI Naïve and Resistant EGFR Mutant Lung Adenocarcinomas (ID 5777)
14:20 - 15:50 | Author(s): S.B. Goldberg
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
The identification and development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have revolutionized and greatly improved the treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, acquired resistance (AR) to these agents remains a major clinical problem hindering durable responses. Although significant work has been done to identify particular mechanisms of acquired resistance, little is known regarding the global mutational landscape of EGFR mutant tumors before therapy or at the manifestation of acquired resistance.
Methods:
Using specimens obtained in the IRB approved, Yale Lung Rebiopsy program, we completed whole exome sequencing of 15 EGFR mutant tumors with paired tissue obtained pre-treatment and at the time of AR to EGFR TKIs. An additional 5 unpaired AR samples were also analyzed. The mutational burden and copy number profile of the specimens were studied.
Results:
We found that the mutational burden of pre-treatment EGFR mutant tumors varies widely between tumors. TKI treatment, however, does not significantly alter the overall or non-synonymous mutation load at AR. Interestingly, EGFR[L858R]tumors had a significantly higher mutation burden at acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs than EGFR[Δ19] tumors. The higher mutation burden in EGFR[L858R] tumors compared to those harboring EGFR[Δ19 ]mutations was further confirmed through analysis of TCGA data. Recurrently altered genes shared in the pre- and AR specimens include TP53, EGFR and AKT1. Alterations in EGFR (T790M), MYCBP2, WHSC1L1, AXL, MET, HGF, MYC and NTRK1 were found at exclusively at AR.
Conclusion:
Collectively, these data provide valuable insight into the mutational landscape of EGFR mutant NSCLCs as they evolve on TKIs and identify potential resistance candidate genes for further investigation.
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P3.02b - Poster Session with Presenters Present (ID 494)
- Event: WCLC 2016
- Type: Poster Presenters Present
- Track: Advanced NSCLC
- Presentations: 2
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 12/07/2016, 14:30 - 15:45, Hall B (Poster Area)
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P3.02b-001 - Phase 1 Dose Escalation of PF-06747775 (EGFR-T790M Inhibitor) in Patients with Advanced EGFRm (Del 19 or L858R+/-T790M) NSCLC (ID 4747)
14:30 - 15:45 | Author(s): S.B. Goldberg
- Abstract
Background:
PF-06747775 (PF-7775) is a highly potent, selective third generation irreversible EGFR-TKI, effective against EGFR-TKI sensitizing and resistance (T790M) mutations in NSCLC cell lines; IC50s between 3-12 nM and 26X greater selectivity toward mutant vs. wild-type (WT)EGFR. This is the first report from an ongoing phase I, first in human multicenter study (NCT02349633) of PF-7775 in patients with metastatic EGFRm+ NSCLC.
Methods:
EGFRm+ NSCLC pts, with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs enrolled into dose escalation cohorts of PF-7775, orally once daily, beginning at 25 mg. Stable brain metastases were allowed. All pts were assessed for pharmacokinetics (PK), response to therapy, and adverse events (AEs). Prospective central T790M testing was optional for dose escalation cohorts, but is required in subsequent expansion cohorts. Plasma samples were collected from all patients for ctDNA analysis of EGFR mutations.
Results:
Dose escalation is complete. 26 patients enrolled in 7 dose levels (25-600 mg): 58% female, mean age 63.5 years, Asian/Caucasian 61%/34%, 14/25 T790M+. Dosing reached 600 mg and then was expanded at a lower dose for better long term tolerability. RECIST responses were observed at all dose levels. BOR is PR 11(42.3%; 5 T790M+), stable disease 6(23.1%; 4 T790M+), PD 2(7.7%: 1 T790M+), symptomatic deterioration 1(3.8%; 1 T790M+), and indeterminate 6(23.1%; 3 T790M+). The AE profile is very favorable as predicted from the large WT margin. No DLTs were observed. Grade 3 AEs were noted at > 150 mg (diarrhea {n=4, 15.4%} and skin toxicities {n=8, 30.8%}). Figure 1. Best Change from Baseline in Tumor Size (%) Figure 1 PK were generally dose-proportional at doses of 25-600 mg, with a median apparent t~1/2~ of 6 h (range 4-30).
Conclusion:
PF-7775 has demonstrated early signals of clinical activity and is well tolerated in EGFRm+ NSCLC pts with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
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P3.02b-052 - Afatinib with or without Cetuximab for First-Line Treatment of EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: Interim Safety Results of SWOG S1403 (ID 5798)
14:30 - 15:45 | Author(s): S.B. Goldberg
- Abstract
Background:
Afatinib is used as first-line therapy for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however resistance invariably develops. To attempt to delay resistance and improve survival, we are conducting a randomized Phase II/III trial of afatinib plus cetuximab versus afatinib alone in treatment-naïve patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC (NCT02438722).
Methods:
Previously untreated patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion or L858R point mutation are randomized to afatinib 40mg PO daily plus cetuximab 500mg/m2 IV every 2 weeks (afat/cetux) or afatinib 40mg PO daily (afat). Dose reductions are performed for grade 3-4 or intolerable or medically concerning grade 2 adverse events (AEs) per CTCAE v4.0. The Phase II primary endpoint is progression-free survival and the Phase III primary endpoint is overall survival. Here we review the safety data after enrollment of the first 53 patients.
Results:
53 patients were registered as of June 30, 2016, and safety has been assessed in 47 (23 treated with afat/cetux and 24 with afat, see Table). Grade 1-2 rash occurred in 71% of patients receiving afat/cetux and 63% of patients on afat. Grade 3 rash was noted in 22% of patients on afat/cetux. Fatigue was more common in the combination arm; all occurrences were grade 1-2. Grade 1-2 diarrhea and other gastrointestinal AEs were comparable between the two arms. There were similar numbers of dose reductions for AEs on each arm. Three patients discontinued treatment due to AEs: 2 on the afat/cetux arm due to hyperglycemia and accumulated side effects and 1 on the afat arm due to weight loss and diarrhea. Figure 1
Conclusion:
In this randomized trial of afat/cetux versus afat, treatment was tolerable in both arms of the study. Skin toxicity appears to be worse with the combination however other AEs are similar between the two groups. Enrollment to this trial is ongoing.
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P3.02c - Poster Session with Presenters Present (ID 472)
- Event: WCLC 2016
- Type: Poster Presenters Present
- Track: Advanced NSCLC
- Presentations: 2
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 12/07/2016, 14:30 - 15:45, Hall B (Poster Area)
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P3.02c-048 - A Phase I/II Trial Evaluating the Combination of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Pembrolizumab in Metastatic NSCLC (ID 5249)
14:30 - 15:45 | Author(s): S.B. Goldberg
- Abstract
Background:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are taking on a growing role in the treatment of patients with metastatic NSCLC. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that radiotherapy may increase the frequency, or enhance the strength of the host anti-cancer immune response. We report the preliminary results of an ongoing phase I/II trial combining stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and the anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic NSCLC.
Methods:
Eligible patients are those with metastatic NSCLC who have received no prior immune-directed therapy, and have at least 2 sites of measurable disease as per RECIST 1.1. PD-L1 expression is not required for study entry. All patients are treated with pembrolizumab at 200 mg every 3 weeks until development of progressive disease by immune-related RECIST criteria (irPD). After irPD, patients receive SBRT to a single site of disease and continue pembrolizumab. The primary endpoint is safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints include the pre- and post-SBRT overall response rate.
Results:
27 patients with advanced NSCLC have enrolled and started trial therapy. The overall response rate (irPR and irCR) to the initial course of pembrolizumab is 35%. To date, 13 patients have had irPD: 5 were not eligible for SBRT and stopped study treatment (2 developed new brain metastases, 3 had decline in PS), and 8 patients received SBRT to a single site of disease (6 thoracic, 1 adrenal, 1 vertebral) and continued pembrolizumab. 5 of these patients are evaluable for post-SBRT response: 1 patient had confirmed irPD, 4 have irSD and continue pembrolizumab post-SBRT at a median duration of 3 months (range 1 to 5 months). 2 of the 4 patients with irSD have had > 20% decrease in the sum of diameters of their unirradiated targets, since SBRT. Regarding adverse events, in the pre-SBRT phase 6 of 27 patients (22%) developed grade 3 treatment-related toxicity (2 colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, hypothyroidism, conjunctivitis). In the SBRT and post-SBRT phases, there have been no grade 2 or greater treatment-related events.
Conclusion:
The addition of SBRT to pembrolizumab has not resulted in an increase in treatment-related toxicity. Several patients who had serially confirmed irPD to pembrolizumab monotherapy underwent SBRT and now have irSD, with some evidence of tumor regression. Updated results will be presented.
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P3.02c-088 - Acquired Resistance to Programmed Death-1 Axis Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (ID 5625)
14:30 - 15:45 | Author(s): S.B. Goldberg
- Abstract
Background:
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) axis inhibitors are increasingly being used to treat patients with advanced NSCLC. Despite durable responses relative to chemotherapy, resistance to such therapy develops in the majority of responders, with median duration of response from 12-17 months. Mechanisms of acquired resistance (AR) to PD-1 axis inhibitors are poorly understood.
Methods:
Patients with advanced NSCLC and acquired resistance (AR) to PD-1 axis inhibitor therapy were enrolled to an IRB approved repeat biopsy protocol allowing collection of clinical data, archived and fresh tumor tissue, and blood for analysis. Molecular analyses including whole exome sequencing of pre- and post-treatment tumor specimens were performed.
Results:
Twelve cases were available for analysis (table 1). Eight and two patients developed resistance limited to lymph nodes (LNs) and adrenal gland respectively. The two remaining patients experienced tumor progression in LNs with other sites of tumor growth (one in liver, one in lung). Nine patients had sufficient archived pre- PD-1 axis inhibitor tumor tissue for analysis/ comparison, leaving three unpaired cases. Genomic analysis of tumor specimens identified two patients with acquired tumor beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) defects at resistance. A patient derived xenograft generated from one of the resistance samples (patient #6) lacked production of B2M protein and did not express surface MHC-1. Additional analyses including immunophenotyping with multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence on these and other patient samples are ongoing. Figure 1
Conclusion:
Lymph nodes may be a particularly susceptible area to AR to PD-1 axis inhibitors. Defects in B2M leading to loss of tumor MHC-1 presentation may represent a unique mechanism of AR to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Further studies to determine the frequency of defects in antigen presentation machinery in tumors with resistance to PD1 axis inhibitors are warranted.
